Manufacturing Process Selection Criteria of composites
It is a monumental challenge for design and manufacturing engineers to select the right manufacturing process for the production of a part, the reason being that design and manufacturing engineers have so many choices in terms of raw materials and processing techniques to fabricate the part. This section briefly discusses the criteria for selecting a process. Selection of a process depends on the application need. The criteria for selecting a process depend on the production rate, cost, strength, and size and shape requirements of the part, as described below.
Production Rate/Speed
Depending on the application and market needs, the rate of production is different. For example, the automobile market requires a high rate of production, for example, 10,000 units per year (40 per day) to 5,000,000 per year (20,000 per day). In the aerospace market, production requirements are usually in the range of 10 to 100 per year. Similarly, there are composites manufacturing techniques that are suitable for low-volume and high-volume production environments. For example, hand lay-up and wet lay-up processes cannot be used for high volume production, whereas compression molding (SMC) and injection molding are used to meet high-volume production needs.
Cost
Most consumer and automobile markets are cost sensitive and cannot afford higher production costs. Factors influencing cost are tooling, labor, raw materials, process cycle time, and assembly time. There are some composite processing techniques that are good at producing low-cost parts, while others are cost prohibitive. Determining the cost of a product is not an easy task and requires a thorough understanding of cost estimating techniques. The cost of a product is significantly affected by production volume needs as well. For example, compression molding (SMC) is selected over stamping of steel for the fabrication of automotive body panels when the production volume is less than 150,000 per year. For higher volume rates, steel stamping is preferred. Various cost-estimating techniques, as well as various parameters that affect the final cost of the products.
Performance
Each composite process utilizes different starting materials and therefore the final properties of the part are different. The strength of the composite part strongly depends on fiber type, fiber length, fiber orientation, and fiber content (60 to 70% is strongest, as a rule). For example, continuous fiber composites provide much higher stiffness and strength than shorter fiber composites. Depending on the application need, a suitable raw material and thus a suitable composite manufacturing technique are selected.
Size
The size of the structure is also a deciding factor in screening manufacturing processes. The automobile market typically requires smaller sized components compared to the aerospace and marine industries. For small to medium sized components, closed moldings are preferred; whereas for large structures such as a boat hull, an open molding process is used.
Shape
The shape of a product also plays a deciding role in the selection of a production technique. For example, filament winding is most suitable for the manufacture of pressure vessels and cylindrical shapes. Pultrusion is very economical in producing long parts with uniform cross section, such as circular and rectangular.
It is a monumental challenge for design and manufacturing engineers to select the right manufacturing process for the production of a part, the reason being that design and manufacturing engineers have so many choices in terms of raw materials and processing techniques to fabricate the part. This section briefly discusses the criteria for selecting a process. Selection of a process depends on the application need. The criteria for selecting a process depend on the production rate, cost, strength, and size and shape requirements of the part, as described below.
Production Rate/Speed
Depending on the application and market needs, the rate of production is different. For example, the automobile market requires a high rate of production, for example, 10,000 units per year (40 per day) to 5,000,000 per year (20,000 per day). In the aerospace market, production requirements are usually in the range of 10 to 100 per year. Similarly, there are composites manufacturing techniques that are suitable for low-volume and high-volume production environments. For example, hand lay-up and wet lay-up processes cannot be used for high volume production, whereas compression molding (SMC) and injection molding are used to meet high-volume production needs.
Cost
Most consumer and automobile markets are cost sensitive and cannot afford higher production costs. Factors influencing cost are tooling, labor, raw materials, process cycle time, and assembly time. There are some composite processing techniques that are good at producing low-cost parts, while others are cost prohibitive. Determining the cost of a product is not an easy task and requires a thorough understanding of cost estimating techniques. The cost of a product is significantly affected by production volume needs as well. For example, compression molding (SMC) is selected over stamping of steel for the fabrication of automotive body panels when the production volume is less than 150,000 per year. For higher volume rates, steel stamping is preferred. Various cost-estimating techniques, as well as various parameters that affect the final cost of the products.
Performance
Each composite process utilizes different starting materials and therefore the final properties of the part are different. The strength of the composite part strongly depends on fiber type, fiber length, fiber orientation, and fiber content (60 to 70% is strongest, as a rule). For example, continuous fiber composites provide much higher stiffness and strength than shorter fiber composites. Depending on the application need, a suitable raw material and thus a suitable composite manufacturing technique are selected.
Size
The size of the structure is also a deciding factor in screening manufacturing processes. The automobile market typically requires smaller sized components compared to the aerospace and marine industries. For small to medium sized components, closed moldings are preferred; whereas for large structures such as a boat hull, an open molding process is used.
Shape
The shape of a product also plays a deciding role in the selection of a production technique. For example, filament winding is most suitable for the manufacture of pressure vessels and cylindrical shapes. Pultrusion is very economical in producing long parts with uniform cross section, such as circular and rectangular.
